Friday, January 24, 2020
Langston Hughes :: essays research papers
â€Å"Doorknobs†     Langston Hughes is considered by many readers to be the most significant black poet of the twentieth century. Except for a few examples, all his poems are about social injustice in America. The somber tone of his writing often reflected his mood. Race relations were present in almost his whole career, following him from his first poem to his last.      The poem â€Å"Doorknobs†was written in 1961 after his subpoena to appear before Senator McCarthy for subversive activities. Although many other poems by Hughes deal with prejudice, race, or politics, â€Å"Doorknobs†deals with life itself. Hughes’ anger over the political attacks are seen on many of his poems. Hughes’ â€Å"Doorknob†describes a child who seems to be afraid of life and afraid of the adults in his life†¦ By the end of the poem this child is now an adult himself who appears to be insecure, and perhaps, afraid of life itself. This man portrays a sad, non-confident, scared life as we can see on the lines 1 to 3. We experience first hand the lack of control, the terrorizing feelings this door holds for this child:                The simple silly terror of a doorknob                on a door that turns to let in life From lines 4 to 10, we can assume that we are reading of a child who is terrorized of the grownups that live with him; perhaps he is an abused child:                on two feet standing,                walking, talking,                wearing dress or trousers,                maybe drunk or maybe sober,                maybe smiling, laughing, happy,                maybe tangled in the terror                of a yesterday past grandpa      Lines 11 to 15 reinforce the terror this child is feeling and carrying with him. It is apparent that the      child is experiencing some kind of abuse, either mental or physical:                when the door from out there opened                into here where I, antenna,                recipient of your coming,                received the talking image                of the simple silly terror From lines 16-25 Hughes repeats the first stanza of the poem with minor changes to the order of t the words; this perhaps is now when the child is now remembering his past. Another interpretation is that when the child became a grownup instead of being afraid of the adults in his life, he is afraid now of life itself, and death.           of a door that opens           at the turning of a knob
Thursday, January 16, 2020
Diversity and Multiculturalism Essay
Minority is a word describing a group representing a population smaller than the State. They are people of distinct culture, religion, language and ethnicity from the norms of the Society. Any group resembling the stated characteristics is a Minority. This description clearly emphasizes the rebuttal of Human Rights to people who are not living within the standards of the society. Group Rights or Minority Rights, in a popular manner, speaks of the Ethnic discrimination to some and a due right to others. Moreover, a conflict begins when an individual claims of his/her minority group and yet, the State does not recognize a Minority. The group rights tend to protect a certain group and reflects the other laws excluded on their existence, which for many individuals is a direct discrimination. Primarily, rights are powers to act in accordance with the existing system having values and principles approved by the society. It is a claim or title, whether legal, descriptive and moral (Sutton, 2001). The controversy exists regarding group rights on the term called Multiculturalism. This kind of group right often pertains to a member of an ethnic or religious group. Scholars perceive this kind of group right as a barrier to the actions that most ethnic groups have before there was â€Å"civilization. †It is a form of oppression because the majority opposes those traditional beliefs and pursues the so-called â€Å"equality†to such people. Group rights exist to discriminate, oppose and eliminate the traditional acts for the satisfaction of the majority. MULTICULTURALISM Multiculturalism is the opinion that all cultures, from tribesmen and modern civilization, to be equal. However, equality does not address the century old problem because of diverse conditions. Thus, multiculturalism confers with egalitarianism. The objective of multiculturalism is to obliterate the value of free, industrialized civilization, by declaring such civilization no better than the primitive tribalism. It wants to incapacitate the mind’s ability to differentiate good from evil, to differentiate life promoting to what life is negating. Some oppose this principle because they reason out that everyone has a right to moral judgment. The ideas and culture of a specific community should have recognition and respect. ISSUES ON MULTICULTURALISM Many question how the individuals would respect such minority rights if the problem remains on cultural differences. The argument of the multiculturalists’ defenders is that all cultures are equal and some factors coming from this culture are superior to the universal values. Some fruits of Enlightenment and egalitarian movements root from the cultural proponents. Colorful ethnic attire and interesting cuisine may seem interesting and attractive. Nevertheless, with the reality of women and children’s oppression worldwide, multiculturalism is increasingly a policy to maintain that oppression (Kamguian, 2005). The crimes against women become the celebration of traditional cultures and religions with the ignorance on it disadvantages. Governments of Western foundation utilized the policy of multiculturalism in the past, which encourage and uphold the demands for group rights coming from native populations, ethnic minorities or religious groups. However, these cultures have societal cultures that employ members of meaningful ways of life across the full range of human activities, including social, educational, religious, and recreational life. Because these societal cultures play an essential role in the lives of members and because these cultures face extinction, they should have special rights for protection. This accord with group rights but that is not the case with the societal norms like slavery, female genital mutilation, forced marriages, honor killing and other horrors respected by the society. These horrible practices are within the multicultural principle but it the proper action is to eradicate it. The argument begins with multiculturalism, which acts as a substitute policy to ensure a tolerant and democratized compliance in a world that conflicts between cultures eradicate such values. Moreover, the argument leads to racism and tyranny, as the dominant group want to create a universal norm. Another argument consists of the human basic need for cultural attachments. This need then should have protection from validating and protecting different cultures. The supporters of multiculturalism contrast that individual rights is sufficient enough for protection of minority cultures or their way of life that has a consequence of having special group rights and privileges such as arbitrations from Sharia in Canada and allowances fro polygamous men in France. In other cases, group rights claim to have political exclusions, govern their principles and exempt them from the general law. Often, cultures are patriarchal and many cultures claim group rights are more patriarchal than the surrounding cultures. Examples are the common gender inequalities like child marriages, forced marriages, divorce systems biased against women, polygamy and clitoridoctomy. These cases violate women and children’s individual rights of the society. This respect for cultural traditions resulted to lack of support and voices for women and children and the marginalization of progressive forces. When one observes the culture of these minority groups, they would see how oppression and repression reside within their own communities. Not all cultures are equal even though humans’ possess culture, some may be better that the other cultures and others may possess values unacceptable to the society. Indeed the very idea of equality is the product of the Enlightenment and the political and intellectual revolutions that it unleashed (Kamguian, 2005). Forcing equality means to challenge accepted practices and believing in possibility of transformation. However, permitting the differences by the dominant culture is the acceptance of the society as a whole. The â€Å"diversity†movement is not imparting knowledge to students, but promoting racism. – Michael S. Berliner Racism is a notion directing one race as superior to another race. The affirmative action viewed by some is a form of ethnic diversity, a form of politically correct disguise. The belief of racism is that one’s convictions, values and character is particularly based on anatomy or â€Å"blood†and not by judgment. This view tends to see people of different pigmentation as different from the superior pigmentation. The spread of racism causes destruction of the individual in one’s mind. This individual then clings to another race, wanting to have that belongingness because of race diversity. Proponents of diversity seem to be the true racists because they see the world through the color of lens, hair and skin. To multiculturalists, values, thinking and human identity all cling to race. Multiculturalism establishes the oppression in equality. Proponents of diversity teach the youth that people having different cultures also have different capacities resulting to recognition of separatism and glorifying a specific race. This revolutionizes â€Å"racial identity†that aims to erect an unbridgeable perception on race differences. Hence, any cooperation between races is impossible because of their differences being emphasized. ETHNICITY AND GROUP RIGHTS The Ethnic Group has group rights that defend their members who want to exercise their right to behave and enables them to act diversely from the majority. The ethnic group supports their group rights and their representatives, subsequently. It is unnecessary and undesirable to put these rights in a metaphysical entity, which bear their independent human characteristics. In addition, the right in question resorts to be a negative claim. The majority should not forbid such groups to defend their rights. In fact, for the reason that they have the utmost power in defense, they should assist the minority to respect and bear the minority rights in a positive way. However, this can apply to a situation where the ethnic group does a grave misconduct not prevented by the existing rules and regulations. Another is that the ethnic group should observe the group rights, voluntarily and autonomously. People cannot defend a right not chosen by them. Sutton defines that in order to enact such rights they must show the capacity to understand to successful claimants (Sutton, 2001, p 21). The ethnic group rights should correspond with the human rights, as it would give them the right to protect such liberties whenever the majority, which also has human rights, opposes their ethnic habits. Nonetheless, the civil liberty of individuals and ethnic group rights come from the principle of prima facie rights, which explains the liberty experienced by the ethnic group due to these rights has limitations whenever the ethnic habits impose grave suffering or serious restrictions of liberty on other human beings. In general, the obligation of the majority has a duty not to restrict freedom when they wish to observe harmless habits and if the majority’s opposition puts a grave suffering to the ethnic group, then, they have to restrict such opposition (Hayry, 2007). Ethnic minorities do not have a group right to force or coerce their members into observing duties, which are not required by the principles of liberty and the avoidance of suffering (Hayry, 2007). Individuals have three duties, the duty not to inflict harm to another individual, the duty not to restrict unreasonably the freedom of others and the duty not to breach voluntary, harmless contracts. The first duty means for the individuals to act accordingly to the rule of the group without coercing such right. The argument then is the term ethnic group coerces their right because they did not choose the term themselves but a group will not defend a right not made by them. Hence, the general implication is to coerce such freedom, which they themselves have not freely assumed. The second duty restricts any enforcement of freedom, which proves to be unnecessary to the ethnic group. The majority would see that being a member of a minority group would enforce the second duty that is false in belief that will alter the norms. Conversely, everyone has the duty to restrict or condemn habits that will impose suffering and unwarranted restrictions of freedom. In general, the second argument gives the majority the right to restrict ethnic habits given that it will impose harm to the society but it should exceed the principles of equality and fairness. Most of the majority will regard the thesis of defense concerning ethnic habits, which they find different from the norms, false. This is natural, as the dominant groups want a homogenous society supplying the best foundation for human flourishing, even if it costs the principle of liberty and avoidance of suffering. Nonetheless, the significant patterns that endow social conformity should have actions in eliminating cultural diversity (Hayry, 2007). INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS MULTICULTURALISM The principle on individualism is the individual as the primary unit of reality and the ultimate preference of value. Contrary to what other opinions say, individualism does not deny the existence of a society rather the society as a group of individuals not above those individuals. Individualism sees every person as the end of himself and there should be no sacrifice of an individual for another (Stata, 1992). The achievement of an individual credits for himself/herself and not based on the achievements of others. Even though the society believes of individualism as isolation, it does not deny the cooperation but is a theory of the conditions living and working with other people as beneficial. In general, individualism gives credit to an individual and not on the individual’s membership with a society. The probable cure for racial differences is individualism or seeing the person not because of his/her race but because of his/her abilities. The diversity movement aims to teach the following: diversity awareness, diversity training, diversity hiring and submissions and diversity accommodations, which all refer to racial preference. The proper dose on racial issues is to appreciate individually and treatment of collective merits (Locke, 2000). CONCLUSION Protection of human rights in various fields becomes depressing in the past century. Many have resulted to war, as they protect their community from discrimination and sustenance of group rights. Before group rights, many institutions protected the safety of minorities. Three major periods existed in favor of minority group rights. The first period appeared in a non-systematic protection comprising mainly of incorporation of protective clauses, particularly in favor of religious minorities. The second period existed after World War I within the framework of the League of Nations. Lastly are the developments following World War II (Lerner, 2003) on group rights. With all these developments in minorities and group rights, still the existing truth on racial discrimination is emerging. Many say of diversity as an act of racism, that employing group rights does not prove to be efficient in eradicating discrimination. Briefly, group rights is not a power rather a suppression, racial diversity and oppression hiding in equality. References Berliner, M. Diversity and Multiculturalism. 24 May 2000 14 November 2007 Sutton, P. Kinds of Rights in Country: Recognising Customary Rights as Incidents of Native Title. 2001. 14 November 2007 p. 29 National Native Title Tribunal. Hayry, H. Ethnicity and Group Rights, Individual Liberties and Immoral Obligations. 14 November 2007 Minority. 14 November 2007 Kamguian, A. Universal Rights versus Individual Rights. 6 July 2005 14 November 2007 Culture and Multiculturalism. 14 November 2007 Locke, E. Individualism – The Only Cure for Racism. 12 December 1997 14 November 2007 Lerner, N. Group Rights and Discrimination in International Law. Boston: Martinus Nihjoff Publishers, 2003.
Wednesday, January 8, 2020
Mental Health Autism Disorder Among Children Living
Topic: Mental Health-Autism Disorder among children living in Poverty Makeah Alasmakh Saint Joseph’s University Neuropsychiatric disorders currently account for the growing global disease burden in health care. These diseases are caused by genetic, environmental and immunological factors play a critical role in the pathogenesis. However, social, economic status also contributes to their prevalence. In this literature review, the correlation between mental health (specifically regarding autism) and low socioeconomic status is going to be discussed. The paper will therefore, explicitly delineate what autism entails and its effect to the affected individuals, family and the entire society at large. As it is, there exists a strong link between poor social, economic conditions and mental illness in many countries. Poverty which is indicated by low levels of education, poor sanitation, debt, abuse of substances and violence are positively linked to poor mental health (Funk et al. 2012). When diagnosed with mental illness, the affected together with family members face challenges associated with hig h costs of healthcare, low productivity, and poor health. On the other hand, children and adults that live an impoverished life have an increased risk of experiencing trauma, and this is linked to mental disorders (Collins et al., 2010). The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration argued that the rate of adults and children being diagnosed with having aShow MoreRelatedAutism Is A Matter Of Passionate National Debate1197 Words  | 5 PagesIn the past two decades or so, autism has changed from being a condition nobody had even heard about to widely recognized mental health condition. Due to widespread use of internet, social media and smartphones everybody knows something about autism. Just searching for autism in Google brings up more than 68 million results. Autism has become a matter of passionate national debate among different stake holders such as government, public health agencies, mental health associations, non-profit organizationsRead MoreEssay On Parents Who Are Affected By Their Children Health1277 Words  | 6 PagesParents Who Are Affected by Their Children’s Health Parents are not born knowing how to be parents which can be challenging even more so if the child is developmentally disabled. Children can bring positive and negative challenges which can influence the way parents manage their daily life’s. According to research, parent’s do find it overwhelming to raise a disabled child because it can increase chances of health problems on them (Hodge, D., Hoffman, C., Sweeney, D., Riggs, M., 2013). EspeciallyRead MoreIntroduction. Managing Autism Can Be A Challenge To Cope1397 Words  | 6 PagesIntroduction Managing autism can be a challenge to cope with in any family with-out understanding ASD. In the article, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Catherine Lord explains autism spectrum disorder, or ASD, as a neurodevelopmental syndrome that is defined by deficits in social reciprocity and communication, and by unusual restricted, repetitive disorder (2000. P355). Parenting a child on the autism spectrum is difficult for any parent who is uneducated about the specific disorder their child is facedRead MoreEnabling Children with Special Needs1208 Words  | 5 PagesRunning Head: ENABLING CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS Brief Summary Data taken from the 1997-2008 National Health Interview Surveys of US showed that 1 out of every 6 children had developmental disabilities (Boyle et al, 2011). These disabilities were tabulated as including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other forms of developmental delay. According to the survey, these disabilities increased and now require more health and education interventions. Children aged 3-17 years oldRead MoreThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, places autism in a more1000 Words  | 4 Pages The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, places autism in a more extensive diagnostic bracket called autism spectrum disorder. This encompasses a range of autism-related disorders that vary in severity. It is one of the most severe, chronic, behavioral disorders of childhood. Swiss psychiatrist Eugene Bleuler referred to autistic disorder as an unusual way of thinking among people with sch izophrenia. A more in-depth explanation of autistic thinking is the propensityRead MoreChronic Mental Disorders Case Study1202 Words  | 5 PagesChronic mental disorders are associated with abnormally low physical fitness levels and premature death rates. One of the most common issues that people with mental illnesses face is unhealthy self-management (Kilbourne, 2017). Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity are some of the conditions that challenge this population (Arbour-Nicitopoulos, 2017). Physical activity has been shown to promote blood and oxygen flow to the brain, increase nerve cell growth, and decrease blood pressureRead MoreThe Benefits Of Animal Assisted Therapy Essay1684 Words  | 7 Pagesproposed for as a treatment for a wide variety of conditions. In this report, I discuss research that has been conducted on the benefits of animal-assisted therapy in relation to mental and emotional well-being, and as it relates to recovery. I have applied my r esearch to include a variety of subjects, including children with autism, patients suffering from PTSD, college students, the elderly, and outpatient recovery. Finally, I conclude my report with a proposal of a new AAT program that will benefit theRead MoreAutistic Adults : Children With Autism931 Words  | 4 PagesAUTISTIC ADULTS When you hear about Autism you generally think of children; however, the children with Autism grow up. Most people with Autism are adults. Autism research from 1998 shows that adults are: underrepresented in autism research and studies into old age are extremely needed. Most of the Autism adults lack services or even diagnosis. People with Autism are inclined to anxiety and depression. The young adults are vulnerable to anxiety and depression when leaving high school especially inRead MoreThe Preterm Birth And Autism1545 Words  | 7 PagesPrematurity and Autism have long time been thought to be linked. For reason such as late development of preterm infants to the lack of adequate weight at birth. But, is it true that if a baby is born preterm then they are destined to be autistic? In order to answer that question, we must first be educated on preterm infants as well as the disorder of Autism. Not many people are educated on what Autism is and even less are educated on the health and well-being of premature babies. The purpose forRead MoreSanity and Substance1039 Words  | 5 Pagescountries in the world. But the people living in it are far from advanced. Millions of Americans are not happy, they either become depressed because of material things, become addicted to substances you receive for being crazy, or are forced to be classified as insane or ‘special’. Over the course of 12 months, Americans have a 27% chance of having some sort of ‘mental disorder’ whether it is a personality disorder, eating disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or mood disorder. That is approximately 85 million
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)